Editorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Editorial - Essay Example Certain situations like the case of Diane Pretty of Luton reflect that life may at times be in such a condition that death would seem to be a solution to their pains. Diane whose body had become paralyzed from the neck had to be fed through a pipe. The pain and sufferings of the woman made her wish that she died peacefully and with dignity before the disease killed her (Right-to-die case dismissed). Although courts did not allow her to take the step, but situations like these support the act of euthanasia where an individual may require the need to get ultimate relief. Several arguments point in support of the practice. A change in the outlook has been observed that reflects that doctors and professionals in countries like the United States are becoming supportive of the act if it is made legal (Otlowski, 326-327). Several organizations in Washington also support the act including National Association of Social Work, the American Civil Liberties Union of Washington, and many others (Cundiff, 84). The support mainly arises from the fact that an individual who would never recover may choose to die since the process would relieve the person from his pains. Others viewers believe that euthanasia should be a punishable offence. Since it is a completely private preference, no one from outside should perform such an act on another individual (Somerville, 77). The practice of euthanasia has also been opposed on ethical grounds as well that can be reflected through theories like Divine Command Theory and Kant’s Moral Theory. The Divine Command Theory opposes all sorts of activities related to euthanasia supporting normal death of an individual. Kant’s Moral Theory focuses on the main objectives of undertaking euthanasia and determines the consequences before deciding on supporting or not supporting the act (Stewart, 81-89). The main reason for majority of people not supporting the act of euthanasia is because they believe that â€Å"life is the most

Law describing and evaluating the roles of the courtroom work group Essay Example for Free

Law describing and evaluating the roles of the courtroom work group Essay A court room work group is a term referring to professionals that serve in the court on a daily basis. These professionals include a prosecutor, the criminal defence attorney and the judicial officer. The courtroom working group seeks to bring justice to all. It ensures that all parties are accorded due fairness and equal opportunity regardless of gender, race, age, religious affiliation nor any other factor. They also see to it that trials are completed successfully. The concept of court room working group is associated with plea bargaining. The courtroom working group has shown tremendous explanatory power in overburdened courts dealing with huge case loads. Describing and Evaluating Roles of Courtroom Work Group Professionals that serve in the court, each have a commitment to oversee a successful trial completion. Due to this commitment they must each follow a strict code of ethics and also they must adhere to the law and its practice. In most cases however, the number of judges and attorneys is limited hence there is a possibility that a personal as well as professional relation that may stem up. However this must not be prioritised by either of the parties involved and the pursuit of justice must always remain the order of the day. The changes I would recommend are rising of the bar when it comes to security measures. The reason why I suggest this is because sometimes violent criminal offenders may take advantage of the courtroom environment and cause havoc inside the court. For example in the past there was a reported case whereby an offender grabbed an officer’s pistol and started shooting randomly in the courtroom. Safety measures should be put in place in order to curb such bizarre scenarios in the future. The role of the prosecutor is to represent the rights of the citizens. This is assumed to be so because a crime is defined as an act or omission which constitutes an offence punishable by law. Hence, when an offender is presented in court, the charges levelled against him read, Republic or State vs defendant. Therefore the role of the prosecutor is to represent the people’s cases against the defendant. With that role comes great responsibility on him, in that the burden of proof automatically lies with him. Also he has to work hard to ensure that evidence is presented legally, and the state procedures are adhered to in a way that dismissal is avoided. Another role of the prosecutor is that he acts as a consultant and advisor to the police departments. He assists them in the course of investigations and also provides insight into the acquisition of evidence and the procedural element of it. A prosecutor usually decides which case to pursue based on the fact that whether they think they can prove beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant is guilty of an offense (Herrmann, Joachim, p. 468). They achieve this by firstly studying in a detailed manner the charges levelled against the defendant. Also he must examine the corresponding evidence presented which includes any testimonials or witnesses and any other material fact that may affect his case. After accomplishing this task he has a more insightful view of the case and is best able to make an informed decision. At this juncture he may decide to file the case or drop the charges and recommend lesser sentences for the defendants who agree to plead guilty to a certain crime: a process that is referred to as plea bargaining (Heumann, 1977). If the criterion for taking a case was more stringent, many cases would be dismissed due to lack of concrete evidence. This is because majority of the cases brought to the court have circumstantial evidence but with great eyewitness testimony. If the criterion was less stringent on the other hand, the court system would be overburdened with cases lacking sufficient evidence and support, hence resulting in less attention being accorded to cases that urgently require it. The criminal justice system has been defined as resembling a funnel that is, being wide at the top and being narrow at the bottom. This is interpreted to mean that there are more suspects and defendants in the justice system than there are convicted offenders who have successfully passed through the correctional system. The criminal justice system has a number of processes that an offender goes through, beginning with the investigation process and ending with the release of a convicted individual from a correctional facility. As criminals pass through the criminal justice system, quite a number of cases are dismissed due to a variety of reasons one being the lack of sufficient evidence. Discretion is another effect brought about by the criminal justice funnel. Many of the cases in the criminal justice system are investigated, tried or dismissed purely on the basis of personal choices. These choices are made by persons who use discretion to decide on individual cases. Also police officers may decide whether to conduct investigations on a case or to just go ahead and make an arrest of the suspect, again based on personal choice. Whereas on the other hand, attorneys and judges also interpret information to decide on the bail applications and plea bargains (Hermann Joachim, p. 468). Unreported cases is also another factor emerging form this system. A number of crimes go unreported for a variety of reasons and this allows the offenders of such crimes go off Scott free and mingle with other people in the society. This adds to the ever growing number of cases that do not make their way into the early stages and final stages of the criminal justice system. Case backlog means that the defendants have to wait longer in order to get a verdict on the case. It means t the defendant has to remain as a suspect for a prolonged period. Some of the offenders that are held in custody are there because simply the offenses they committed can not be granted bail and other offenders are there because they have been unable to post bail. This backlog also inhibits the justice process by helping offenders get away with their crimes. This is especially evident where case requires immediate analysis of evidence (Daly, 2011).

Ghost :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fondest memories of my youth include hitting people with sticks and throwing people out of trees. I was probably only about 8 years old when I started masquerading in the woods as a Robin Hood type character. Along with me I had about 7 other outlaws. Daily we would go into the woods and change teammates on our different Klan’s. Someday's we even had up to 12 kids parading through the woods on missions to free friends and seek vengeance for unjust acts that had been committed in our territory. Literally jumping 30 feet in the air from one tree to the next was no large task, it was done almost automatically when a foe approached and was gaining fast on you. Especially when you carry a wound from a battle, the adrenaline will make you do crazed things. Without hesitation or second thought we commonly committed feats which would have caused our parents to banish us from the woods. Trees were used to cut down and turn into weapons. There were throwing stic ks, swords, staffs, and an entire array of undecipherable weapons that were used. Going into battle included tying sticks to your shins so sword blows wouldn't hurt and using sap to thicken the skin on your hands so when the sword went uncontrollably smashing into your hands it wouldn't hurt as bad. I proudly wore the title of king of the mountain. When there was no snow we climbed a steep hill that went straight down about 12 feet into a grass field. Uppercuts and hooks were not uncommon ways of getting a nemesis off of the mountain. I even had a special attack where I would squat, jump, slap the victim in the face, land, and sweep there legs out as I hit them in the knees and stepped on their feet. This would inevitably cause them to crash into the ground. It was almost every time someone was hit off the cliff that we had the wind knocked out of us. If a blow were too forceful then other people would hit you with sticks. At the end of the day we outlaws would be covered with dirt and blood with several abrasions. I loved those woods and think fondly of them whenever I reminisce upon my early childhood. One of the Greatest adventures we had when the entire group of us was together as one Klan occurred when I was in 3rd grade.

Apache And Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

The Apache Indians of North America prospered for years throughout Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona. They were a religious society who believed in a “giver of life';. As any complex society today, The Apache had many inter-tribal differences, although the tribe as a whole was able to see through these conflicts. Women and the extended family played an important role in the society and also in the lives of young children. Groups of different extended families, called bands, often lived together and functioned democratically. The Apache also evolved as the coming of the white man changed their lives. These Indians became adept at using horses and guns, both introduced to them by the coming settlers. As with most Indian tribes in North America the lives of the Apache were destroyed as their life-blood, the buffalo were slaughtered by the whites. The Apache were forced into surrender after years of struggle. One leader, Geronimo, was especially hard for the whites to capture. After years of evading white soldiers Geronimo was taken to Florida and treated as a prisoner of war. Government sponsored assimilation saw English forced upon the Apache robbing them of their culture. In 1934 The Indian Recognition Act helped establish the Indian culture as a recognized way of life. This act gave the Apache land, which the Apache in turn used for ranching. The destruction of the Apache culture was not recoverable and saw the Apache lose much of their language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The documentary on the Apache was very well done. The Indians of North America series, produced by Chelsea House, seems to be a very well thought-out series and the film on the Apache was no exception. The film moved quickly throughout the life and times of the Apache. This film, as no surprise, is a great educational tool. I felt that the life of Geronimo, the best-known Apache throughout history, could have been examined a little more carefully. The Cherokee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of the Cherokee Indians was probably the most disturbing of any we have seen so far. The Cherokee were the most unfortunate of the North American Indian solely because the lived on the Eastern half of the United States. Their geographical location left them to be the first major tribe to come in contact with the white men. The Cherokees saw one man, Andrew Jackson, as a sole enemy. Jackson, ignoring, a treaty President Washington had signed, waged war on the Cherokee.

Electrotherapy and Osteoarthritis Essay

Osteoarthritis has been described and defined as a condition involving the human bones that is caused by the breakdown of the joints, leading to the loss of cartilage, or what is known as the ‘cushion’ between the bone and the joint, in the affected joint or joints. Osteoarthritis is known to affect more than twenty million people every year in the United States of America alone. This degenerative disease affects persons aged above forty five, and it is found in both sexes, and it does not distinguish between races and colors and ethnicities. The hands, the feet, the spine and the large joints of the body fall prey to this debilitating disease, and until today, research has not been able to reveal the specific cause of osteoarthritis, although it is true that it can be directly attributed to the impact of ageing. Injuries in a joint, ageing and being overweight can also lead to the onset of osteoarthritis. The pain in osteoarthritis is caused due to the rubbing of the bones together after the cartilage that cushions them has been worn out. Some of the prescribed therapies to deal with the disease are exercise, stringent weight control, resting of the painful joints, pain relief medication, electrotherapy, and alternative therapies, and if the pain is excruciating, surgery. Electrotherapy is today one of the most accepted and used skills of physiotherapists, although it is by no means new. The use of heat, cold and electrical stimulation have been in use for a long time now, but the inherent problem is that the benefits and the advantages or disadvantages if any have not been analyzed or accounted for, and this means that the method is not as widely used as it can be. However, it remains a fact that electricity has been used by medical practitioners for hundreds of years now, and it is now one of the most common treatment approaches, giving new hope to millions of sufferers across the globe. (Kitchen, Sheila 2002) Take for example this table demonstrating the improvement in the management of pain in osteoarthritis using electrotherapy. Recent research has been able to prove that electricity would be able to bring immediate relief for both acute as well as chronic pain, and it must be remembered that in the case of osteoarthritis, the pain can be both acute and chronic. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of electrotherapy is not known yet, although it is true that the method can block the transmission of pain signals across the nerves, and can also cause the release of endorphins, or the natural painkillers that are created by the body to combat pain. There can be several different types of electrotherapy methods, and some of them are: TENS, or ‘transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation’, inferential current, and galvanic stimulation. One must note that all the three methods use electrotherapy to stimulate nerves and muscles, through the adhesive pads that are applied on the skin. Electrotherapy must never be used over malignancies, open infections, over pacemaker leads, and over the throat, because it may cause lowered blood pressure, and over a pregnant uterus, as it may affect the fetus. In the year 2004, a randomized double blind pilot study on the impact of electrotherapy on about sixty four osteoarthritis patients suffering from moderate to severe pain in their various joints was conducted. The aim was to study whether the therapy would be useful in alleviating the pain for these patients, and it was found that it would definitely be able to provide temporary relief from severe and intolerable pain. At the present time, stated the researchers who were involved in the experiment, pain relief for osteoarthritis is predominantly medication, and this approach could bring better relief. In the study, the approach was to apply micro to milliamp current to certain specific areas of the patient’s head. This would result in the release of endogenous opioids from the various pain management areas located within the human brain. For a period of two weeks prior to and tow weeks after the study, the subject pain was self assessed using the ‘value scale’, and none of the physicians, patients and the device operators were let in on which device was real and which, false, and the data thus collected revealed the interesting fact that electrotherapy was indeed beneficial in bringing down the pain of the patients of osteoarthritis. According to the Australian Physiotherapy Association, there is sufficient evidence available to prove that physiotherapy management of the knee joints is a very good idea, and that there is a lack of evidence to prove that electrotherapy, specifically shortwave diathermy, including ultrasound, microwave and shortwave may be useful in managing the pain. It may however be true that a recent Cochrane review was able to prove conclusively that TENS or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may be quite effective in controlling pain in these patients. However, better designed studies have to be made before it can be stated that TENS can be used to treat pain for osteoarthritis sufferers. (Bennell K, Hinman R, Crossley K 2001) It is important that the treatment plan must be made with the complete cooperation and consultation with the patient. The treatment goals would depend on the timescale of the treatment that he or she is undergoing for his osteoarthritis, the patient profile, and the affected joints. This would ensure that the patient achieves the maximum benefits of the treatment, so that he may be able to continue living a healthy and active life. Although research has shown that electrotherapy methods like laser therapy and ultrasound do not bring in any significant levels of improvement in the long term for the pain, they do bring in immediate relief from the pain. (EMHM Vogels, HJM Hendrick et al 2003) This cannot be taken to mean that electrotherapy does not bring relief for patients of osteoarthritis; it has been found that low power laser therapy has brought great relief for the pain of sufferers of osteoarthritis in Russia and in Eastern Europe. A study showed that electrotherapy brought relief for pain, mobility, tenderness and functioning in these patients, with relatively little adverse effects. In all probability, the mechanisms treated successfully using laser electrotherapy included peripheral nerve stimulation, resolution of inflammation, enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and increased matrix synthesis. (Ghassemi, M, Marks R 1999) There can be no doubt that the studies conducted so far are by no means conclusive, and the issue of handling the joint pains of those suffering from osteoarthritis with electrotherapy must be analyzed and studies further to bring in real statistics and real results. Perhaps, very soon, there may be available some sort of revolutionary treatment for the management of pain, which these patients would be able to use without fear of side effects or other complications, so that they may be able to continue to live an active and healthy lifestyle.

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-Lothringen; November 2,  1755–October 16,  1793) was an Austrian noble and French Queen Consort whose position as a hate figure for much of France helped contribute to the events of the French Revolution, during which she was executed. Fast Facts: Marie-Antoinette Known For:  As the queen of Louis XVI, she was executed during the French Revolution. She is often quoted as saying, Let them eat cake (there is no proof of this statement).Also Known As:  Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-LothringenBorn:  November 2, 1755,  in Vienna (now in Austria)Parents: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria TheresaDied:  October 16, 1793, in Paris, FranceEducation: Private palace tutors  Spouse: King Louis XVI of FranceChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I am calm, as people are whose consciences are clear. Early Years Marie-Antoinette was born on November 2nd, 1755. She was the eleventh daughter - eighth surviving - of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. All the royal sisters were called Marie as a sign of devotion to the Virgin Mary, and so the future queen became known by her second name – Antonia – which became Antoinette in France. She was bought up, like most noble women, to obey her future husband, an oddity given that her mother, Maria Theresa, was a powerful ruler in her own right. Her education was poor thanks to the choice of tutor, leading to later accusations that Marie was stupid; in fact, she was able with everything she was competently taught. Marriage to Dauphin Louis In 1756 Austria and France, long term enemies signed an alliance against the growing power of Prussia. This failed to quell the suspicions and prejudices each nation had long held for each other, and these problems were to affect Marie Antoinette deeply. However, to help cement the alliance it was decided that a marriage should be made between the two nations, and in 1770 Marie Antoinette was married to the heir to the French throne, Dauphin Louis. At this point her French was poor, and a special tutor was appointed. Marie now found herself in her mid-teens in a foreign country, largely cut off from the people and places of her childhood. She was in Versailles, a world where almost every action was governed by fiercely employed rules of etiquette which enforced and supported the monarchy, and which the young Marie thought ridiculous. However, at this early stage, she tried to adopt them. Marie Antoinette displayed what we would now call humanitarian instincts, but her marriage was far from happy to start with. Louis was often rumored to have had a medical problem which caused him pain during sex, but it’s likely he simply wasn’t doing the right thing, and so the marriage initially went unconsummated, and once it was there was still little chance of the much-desired heir being produced. The culture of the time - and her mother - blamed Marie, while close observation and attendant gossip undermined the future queen. Marie sought solace in a small circle of court friends, with whom later enemies would accuse her of hetero- and homosexual affairs. Austria had hoped that Marie Antoinette would dominate Louis and advance their own interests, and to this end first Maria Theresa and then Emperor Joseph II bombarded Marie with requests; in the end, she failed to have any effect on her husband until the French Revolution. Queen Consort of France Louis succeeded to the throne of France in 1774 as Louis XVI; at first, the new king and queen were wildly popular. Marie Antoinette had little regard or interest in court politics, of which there was a lot, and managed to offend by favoring a small group of courtiers in which foreigners seemed to dominate. It’s not surprising that Marie seemed to identify more with people away from their homelands, but public opinion often angrily interpreted this as Marie favoring others instead of the French. Marie masked over her early anxieties about children by growing ever more interested in court pursuits. In doing so she gained a reputation for outward frivolity - gambling, dancing, flirting, shopping - which has never gone away. But she was irreverent out of fear, self-doubting rather than self-absorbed. As Queen Consort Marie ran an expensive and opulent court, which was to be expected and certainly kept parts of Paris employed, but she did so at a time when French finances were collapsing, especially during and after the American Revolutionary War, so she was seen as a cause of wasteful excess. Indeed, her position as a foreigner to France, her expenditure, her perceived aloofness and her early lack of an heir led extreme slanders to be spread about her; claims of extramarital affairs were among the more benign, violent pornography was the other extreme. Opposition grew. The situation isn’t as clear cut as a gluttonous Marie spending freely as France collapsed. While Marie was keen to use her privileges - and she did spend - Marie rejected the established royal traditions and began to reshape the monarchy in a new fashion, rejecting stark formality for a more personal, almost friendly touch, possibly derived from her father. Out went the previous fashion on all but key occasions. Marie Antoinette favored privacy, intimacy, and simplicity over the previous Versailles regimes, and Louis XVI largely agreed. Unfortunately, a hostile French public reacted badly to these changes, interpreting them as signs of indolence and vice, as they undermined the way the French court had been built to survive. At some point, the phrase ‘Let them eat cake’ was falsely attributed to her. Queen, and Finally a Mother In 1778 Marie gave birth to her first child, a girl, and in 1781 the much longed for male heir arrived. Marie began to spend more and more time involved with her new family, and away from previous pursuits. Now the slanders moved away from Louis’ failings to the question of who the father was. The rumors continued to build, affecting both Marie Antoinette - who had previously managed to ignore them - and the French public, who increasingly saw the queen as a debauched, idiotic spendthrift who dominated Louis. Public opinion, on the whole, was turning. This situation worsened in 1785-6 when Maria was publicly accused in the ‘Affair of the Diamond Necklace’. Although she was innocent, she took the brunt of the negative publicity and the affair discredited the whole French monarchy. As Marie did begin to resist the pleas of her relatives to influence the King on behalf of Austria, and as Marie became more serious and engaged in the politics of France fully for the first time - she went to government meetings on issues which didn’t directly affect her - it so happened that France began to collapse into revolution. The King, with the country paralyzed by debt, tried to force reforms through an Assembly of Notables, and as this failed he became depressed. With an ill husband, a physically ill son, and the monarchy collapsing, Marie too became depressed and deeply afraid for her future, although she tried to keep the others afloat. Crowds now openly hissed at the Queen, who was nicknamed ‘Madame Deficit’ over her alleged spending. Marie Antoinette was directly responsible for the recall of Swiss banker Necker to the government, an openly popular move, but when her eldest son died in June 1789, the King and Queen fell into distraught mourning. Unfortunately, this was the exact moment when politics in France decisively changed. The Queen was now openly hated, and many of her close friends (who were also hated by association) fled France. Marie Antoinette stayed, out of feelings of duty and the sense of her position. It was to be a fatal decision, even if the mob only called for her to be sent to a convent at this point The French Revolution As the French Revolution developed, Marie had an influence over her weak and indecisive husband and was able to partly influence royal policy, although her idea of seeking sanctuary with the army away from both Versailles and Paris was rejected. As a mob of women stormed Versailles to harangue the king, a group broke into the queen’s bedroom shouting they wanted to kill Marie, who had just escaped to the king’s room. The royal family was coerced into moving to Paris, and effectively made prisoners. Marie decided to remove herself from the public eye as much as possible, and hope that she wouldn’t be blamed for the actions of aristocrats who had fled France and were agitating for foreign intervention. Marie appears to have become more patient, more pragmatic and, inevitably, more melancholic. For a while, life went on in a similar manner to before, in a strange sort of twilight. Marie Antoinette became then more pro-active again: it was Marie who negotiated with Mirabeau on how to save the crown, and Marie whose distrust of the man led to his advice being rejected. It was also Marie who initially arranged for her, Louis and the children to flee France, but they only reached Varennes before being caught. Throughout Marie Antoinette was insistent she would not flee without Louis, and certainly not without her children, who were still held in better regard than the king and queen. Marie also negotiated with Barnave on what form a constitutional monarchy might take, while also encouraging the Emperor to start armed protests, and form an alliance which would - as Marie hoped - threaten France into behaving. Marie worked frequently, diligently and in secret to help create this, but it was little more than a dream. As France declared war on Austria, Marie Antoinette was now seen as a literal enemy of the state by many. It is perhaps ironic that at the same instance as Marie began to distrust Austrian intentions under their new Emperor - she feared they would come for territory rather than in defense of the French crown - she still fed as much information as she could gather to the Austrians to aid them. The Queen had always been accused of treason and would be again at her trial, but a sympathetic biographer like Antonia Fraser argues Marie always thought her missives were in the best interest of France. The royal family was threatened by the mob before the monarchy was overthrown and the royals properly imprisoned. Louis was tried and executed, but not before Marie’s closest friend was murdered in the September Massacres and her head paraded on a pike before the royal prison. Trial and Death Marie Antoinette now became known, to those more charitably disposed to her, as Widow Capet. Louis’ death hit her hard, and she was allowed to dress in mourning. There was now debate over what to do with her: some hoped for an exchange with Austria, but the Emperor wasn’t overly worried about his aunt’s fate, while others wanted a trial and there was a tug of war between French government factions. Marie now grew very physically ill, her son was taken away, and she was moved to a new prison, where she became prisoner no. 280. There were ad hoc rescue attempts from admirers, but nothing came close. As influential parties in the French government finally got their way - they had decided the public should be given the head of the former queen - Marie Antoinette was tried. All the old slanders were trotted out, plus new ones like sexually abusing her son. While Marie responded at key times with great intelligence, the substance of the trial was irrelevant: her guilt had been pre-ordained, and this was the verdict. On October 16, 1793, she was taken to the guillotine, exhibiting the same courage and coolness with which she had greeted each episode of danger in the revolution, and executed. A Falsely Maligned Woman Marie Antoinette exhibited faults, such as spending frequently in an era when royal finances had been collapsing, but she remains one of the most incorrectly maligned figures in Europe’s history. She was at the forefront of a change in royal styles which would be widely adopted after her death, but she was in many ways too early. She was let down deeply by the actions of her husband and the French state to which she had been sent and cast aside much of her criticized frivolity once her husband had been able to contribute a family, allowing her to ably fulfill the role society wanted her to play. The days of the Revolution confirmed her as an able parent, and throughout her life as consort, she exhibited sympathy and charm. Many women in history have been the subject of slanders, but few ever reached the levels of those printed against Marie, and even fewer suffered as greatly from the way these stories affected public opinion. It is also unfortunate that Marie Antoinette was frequently accused of exactly what her relatives demanded of her - to dominate Louis and push policies favoring Austria - when Marie herself had no influence over Louis until the revolution. The question of her treason against France during the revolution is more problematic, but Marie thought she was acting loyally to the best interests of France, which was to her the French monarchy, not the revolutionary government.

Free Essays on Stone Hendge

Stone Henge One Of ManyWonder Stonehenge is hailed as one of the seven wonders of the world. But why is it called a â€Å"wonder† ? With science so advanced as to being able to clone mammals, one would thing their would be rarely any discoveries left to be made. However Stonehenge is shrouded in nothing more than merely theories and guesses based on little or no fact. Being that we do know very little, You have yo ask yourself a few questions. What was the purpose of Stonehenge being built, and that being said how was it constructed. There are thousands of ideas and speculations. The more likely correct and accepted theories may just surprise you. As you know, there has not been even one major structure built in the future nor the past that was ever completed by one man alone. Like Stonehenge they were major undertakings involving many people with many skills. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators had passed on. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built delve into the levels of intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations used to designed and build massive the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably required in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time ( 1000 years, from 2900 B.C. to 1600 B.C.), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men ... Free Essays on Stone Hendge Free Essays on Stone Hendge Stone Henge One Of ManyWonder Stonehenge is hailed as one of the seven wonders of the world. But why is it called a â€Å"wonder† ? With science so advanced as to being able to clone mammals, one would thing their would be rarely any discoveries left to be made. However Stonehenge is shrouded in nothing more than merely theories and guesses based on little or no fact. Being that we do know very little, You have yo ask yourself a few questions. What was the purpose of Stonehenge being built, and that being said how was it constructed. There are thousands of ideas and speculations. The more likely correct and accepted theories may just surprise you. As you know, there has not been even one major structure built in the future nor the past that was ever completed by one man alone. Like Stonehenge they were major undertakings involving many people with many skills. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators had passed on. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built delve into the levels of intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations used to designed and build massive the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably required in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time ( 1000 years, from 2900 B.C. to 1600 B.C.), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men ...

Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essays

Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essays Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essay Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essay Social work pattern has shown that understanding different psychological, sociological and biological theories can assist in working efficaciously with households traveling through troubles ( Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2009 ) . This assignment will discourse relevant theories that would enable a societal worker to better understand and buttocks this household s fortunes and behavior. A brief history of Sam provinces that he was antecedently adopted by the household when he was 4 old ages old. One of the theories to see within this instance survey is the Attachment theory. It has become more relevant in societal work, particularly when using to acceptance and fosterage. Walker ( 2008 ) has highlighted the relevancy of fond regard theory to child protection in societal work. Social work now understands the importance to measure the capacity of carers that would replace the old that would supply a unafraid base. Bowlby ( 1988 ) states that kids would so develop and turn if they have this secure base. A possible job would be that Sam has already entered the attention system. He may hold already experienced important loss or injury. This would impact his relationships with others. Children who have experienced important loss or injury will necessitate aid from their replacement carers to pull off their feelings, which could be excessively strong for the kid to pull of f entirely. Therefore their carers need to hold resolved any issues similar to the kid s in order to be fond and cognitively cognizant when the kid remembers their experiences. ( Walker, 2008 ) Attachment was originally used to depict affective bonds between kids and their chief attention givers. The term has now been expanded to include other periods of development like maturity. ( Adams et al, 2009 ) The primary map of the fond regard relationship is to guarantee intimacy to the health professional for nutrient and safety. ( Brodzinsky and Schechter, 1990 ) A big sum of research has found that fond regard at babyhood has a immense consequence on the kid s psychological operation. Researchers Hazen and Durrett ( 1982 ) found that yearlings more firmly attached as babies are more willing to research their environment, than those who were more uneasily attached to their health professionals. Other research workers have found that there is a continued nexus between behavior from childhood when affecting footings of fond regard. ( Brodzinsky et Al, 1990 ) As Sam was adopted at a ulterior developmental phase this would hold an consequence on his fond regard. The surrogate place or arrangements before acceptance is critical in that he needs support from the carers both psychologically and emotionally if he has experienced injuries or disregard. Children can hold legion fond regards but harmonizing to Brodzinsky et Al ( 1990 ) if they have suffered maltreatment or disregard in early babyhood so this may impact their degree of basic trust. Bowlby described the fond regard system merely. If the kid perceived its attachment figure as accessible it will hold confident behavior. However if the kid does nt believe this they will exhibit anxiousness. This behavior may hold been produced by Sam up until he gave up . Sam may non believe his affiliated figure is still accessible as she s caring for a newborn. Bowlby believed that after this clip he may see depression and desperation. Work by Tizzard ( 1977 ) found that kids adopted from age s two to four showed that on norm demonstrated no more jobs that those kids populating with their household. They were nevertheless more likely to be over friendly and have attending seeking behavior. ( Berryman, Smythe, Taylor, Lamont and Joiner, 2002 ) Some research workers have found that there is an complete dependance on utilizing the fond regard theory in acceptance instances. Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn and Quinton ( 2005 ) found that the scientific base of attachment theory is limited when underpinning theory for future intercessions. Barth ( 2005 ) did province that societal workers needed to understand what works when utilizing the fond regard theory in acceptance instances but to utilize what works and develop an intercession that has a more appropriate grounds based attack. Using Attachment theory to pattern involves looking at the kid s present relationships, relationship history and the context of their life and reasoning which peculiar emphasiss may impact their behavior the most. In this instance looking into Sam s school life and fiscal jobs the household may be holding. Social workers work with households to supply support and psychotherapeutics. In this instance they should assist supply support in acquiring the household aid sing emotional support and fiscal. Harmonizing to Payne ( 2005 ) understanding how attachment experiences can associate to troubles they are presently confronting is one of the curative undertakings Bowlby highlighted. A unfavorable judgment highlighted by some psychologists is that the theory uses thoughts from different theories. Bowlby did nt put exact thoughts of how to pattern this theory, although Payne ( 2005 ) does recognize that the theory does hold a good footing for explicating childhood jobs. When practising this theory societal workers must understand the importance of associating it to other theories as they support farther work for illustration the cognitive behavioral supports the thought of utilizing therapy as a larning tool much like what the Attachment theory describes. Sam has shown a alteration in behavior since his babe brother was born. He s been ill-mannered to instructors, argues at place, he s non eating decently and is withdrawn from his household. This alteration in behavior may be because of a figure of grounds nevertheless it is of import to foreground that even though he exposing avoidant behavior now he can still be firmly attached. Avoidant behavior means he is more likely to be withdrawn although still firmly attached. However some of his behavior shows marks of stronger turning away. Sam is contending at school, one illustration of avoidant of behavior is strong-arming and concentrating on those weaker than him, he has showed marks of this towards his babe brother which is a cause of concern. ( Walker, 2008 ) Social workers should be cognizant of this alteration in behavior. Children who have experienced disregard or injury will show disputing behaviors to their attention givers, these carers so necessitate to be more understanding as this behavior may be due to past experiences and high degrees of anxiousness. ( Berryman et al 2002 ) ( Walker, 2008 ) When working with Sam at assessment degree its indispensable that the societal workers use anti discriminatory pattern they need to be non judgemental. It may be that they have seen instances like this several times, but to understand that each instance is different and measuring Sam with no premises and handling him as an person is an of import attitude that the societal workers would necessitate to hold. The history given has shown that the parenting manners may hold changed late, as Sam has been more riotous his parents have been firmer, directing him to his room. This autocratic parenting manner produces kids that are dying, aggressive and have low ego regard, all behaviour manners that Sam has presented. ( Baumrind, 1966 ) This may non be the best manner to cover with his behavior, particularly as he has become more recluse from the household and non eating. This may foreground an underlying job for illustration an eating upset or ADHD. Research by Harris ( 1998 ) a major critic of the fond regard theory found that Nature is an premise. Society assumes that parents who are sort and honest will hold sort and honorable kids. Harris believes that equals may hold more of an consequence on the kid s personality. Using the illustration of indistinguishable twins, she highlights that when populating in different places they will more probably have the same wonts. She besides highlights that kids who live in high offense countries will be more susceptible to perpetrating offense themselves. Personality besides comes from cistrons, as shown in detached twin surveies. In this instance it s of import to look into Sam s friends at school and besides his maternal female parent to happen out what could be act uponing Sam s behavior. Once more societal workers when working with Sam would necessitate to understand that although society can do premises societal workers can non. When working with Sam it s besides deserving observing that the societal workers must hold controlled emotional engagement. Sam may explicate state of affairss which could be really emotional the societal workers would necessitate to hold the capacity to be sensitive when working with him. An extra theory that societal workers should see when measuring Sam is the Social Readjustment evaluation graduated table. Invented by Homes and Rahe ( 1967 ) the higher the figure you have when numbering the figure of life events you have faced the more likely it is that you will hold an unwellness. The graduated table denotes that if you have a mark higher than 150 so you have faced mild life emphasis. Using the graduated table Sam s societal evaluation graduated table was 153. This graduated table is utile when sing the life events that Sam has faced in a comparatively little infinite of clip. However Lazarus and Folkman ( 1984 ) found that this attack is narrow and has the ability to disregard difference between persons when sing their exposure to these life events. Lazarus et Al besides found that the Social readjustment evaluation graduated table ignores chronic stressors which may straiten persons greatly over a length of clip. An attack to understanding emphasis was produced by Lazarus, DeLongis, Folman and Gruen ( 1985 ) they consider stimulus and response, get bying manner and defense mechanism mechanisms. Called the Model of Adoption accommodation it focuses on two types of header, job focused and emotion focused. The emotion focused schemes can affect efforts to cut down the persons emphasis with behavior such as turning away, distancing or selective attending. These alterations in behavior aid in reappraising the life event and redefining it as less intimidating than the single antecedently thought. This type of cognitive assessment procedure and get bying scheme Lazarus et al argues can be influenced by environment. Using this attack can assist look into other factors. This cognitive assessment procedure provides the bases of foregrounding differences between persons and what their psychological emphasis reactions are in response. ( Lazarus et al, 1985 ) As Sam has faced so many life events it s of import for societal workers to understand how much they can impact his psychological well being and behaviors and to understand the importance of recovery in these really traumatic state of affairss. This attack can assist spread out the societal workers understanding of how much these events could be portion of the cause of his alteration in behavior. Knocking different facets of these similar theories can set up how utile it would be to persons and how otherwise each single responds to certain stressors. Using the Model of Adoption accommodation theory to pattern would affect look intoing Sam s relationships and past history of emotional events to derive a better penetration into how good he has used emotion focused or job focused schemes and what his psychological reactions have been in response to the events he has faced. Bronfenbrenners Ecological theory is another theory the societal workers should see when measuring this instance survey. This theory takes into history the relationship between the household, immediate environment and besides the larger environment. It understands a construction of five beds. These beds involve different systems which would all impact Sam otherwise. The microsystem contains direct relationships and interactions of the kid, the constructions in the microsystem can be the household and school. Bronfenbrenner believed that the relationships between this system impact off and toward the kid. For illustration the kid affects the behavior of the parent and the parent affects their behavior onto the kid. The mesosystem includes the kid s connexions between the microsystem s constructions, e.g. Between Sam s parents and their community vicinity. The exosystem identifies the kid s larger societal system, although Sam will non straight map with it. For illustration Sam may non be straight involved with his male parent s work hours but may be affected by its interaction within his system. The 4th bed, the macrosystem involves the wider society. ( Payne, 2005 ) ( Adams et al, 2009 ) The ecological theory focal points on the alone influences of the service user and the relevancy of the immediate environment every bit good as larger society. It focuses on the service user as the Centre of the procedure. Appraisals use an ecological model as a footing although in pattern Francis et Al ( 2006 ) argue that comprehensive appraisal tools may impact crisis intercession appraisals because this appraisal is really clip devouring. This theory provides a footing on which societal workers can work from to see the impact that these beds would hold on Sam s relationship and behavior. In this instance it would be reasonable to see this theory. Sam has faced multiple life events each could impact his behavior. This attack recognises that multiple factors could be impacting Sam s behavior. It provides a holistic model to understand these factors, so analyses them and finds solutions. A major unfavorable judgment affecting societal work utilizing this attack is that as the appraisal is so drawn-out and needs a batch of administration to bring forth a solution. Many societal workers have shown a hapless record of good quality appraisals. ( Petch, 2002 ) Some societal workers seem to concentrate on the immediate hereafter of the kid instead than long term solutions. The GSCC ( 2004 ) have produced purposes because of this to foreground that it is of import that practicians understand that it s a cardinal portion of their nucleus rules. It s of import to observe the usage of Anti discriminatory pattern within the usage of appraisals utilizing an ecological attack. Under standing that persons all have different civilizations, behaviors and history is indispensable particularly when Sam is vulnerable both as a kid and as a old service user who may hold experienced past disregard or injury. Jan ( female parent ) A brief history of Jan explained that she has antecedently used IVF intervention a figure of times with no successful gestation. After gaining the emotional and fiscal troubles that may follow if they decided to transport on seeking they applied for acceptance. They were matched to Sam, who was four at the clip and despite initial reserves he seemed like the model kid . Jan so gave up work to care for him. At 24 hebdomads she found out she was pregnant which she was told by physicians would be virtually impossible. Jan has found motherhood a battle and has stated she feels useless. Her Rearing manner towards Sam has changed as she has been stricter because of his behavior alteration. She is besides worried about the wellness of her babe. Attachment is besides an of import theory to see for this person. Research on Attachment in adults focal points on the premise that the same bonds between parents and kids are responsible for the bonds between grownups in personal relationships. ( Bowlby, 1988 ) If this were the instance so the relationship between these persons should reflect how they attached when they were younger ; younger kids may hold secure fond regards. Therefore when they grew up have every bit unafraid romantic fond regards. However if they had less stable fond regards when they were younger they may hold less unafraid relationships when they reach maturity. Similarly kids who have unafraid fond regards but have had inconsistent secure fond regards as they grow up may good hold a alteration in their fond regard form. Jan and her hubby Tony seem to hold some relationship jobs. Tony is nt able to supply the degree of emotional support that she needs because of the increased hours he has to work. Jan may be somewhat insecure about her relationship with Tony it s of import to research this relationship at both an single degree and together to work out solutions together. To supply support and work out what each person needs both emotionally and psychologically, particularly as Jan seems to be going more disquieted about her state of affairs and because she does nt look to hold anyone to turn to for aid. Jan s relationship with her female parent seems debatable. First she seems over dependant on her female parent, who she expected to assist with the babe. The relationship she has with her female parent may hold effects on how she attaches to future persons impacting both her fond regard with her hubby, the fond regard she has with her babe and with Sam. As Jan did nt gain she was pregnant until she was 24 hebdomads pregnant she did nt hold every bit much clip to go emotionally and psychologically ready to fix to hold her babe. A paper by Bernstein, Lewis and Seibel ( 1994 ) found that adult females who were antecedently infertile have trouble transitioning to parenthood some adult females may demo high degrees of anxiousness, avoidance behavior and jobs with fixing for a newborn. They found that guidelines need to be developed to run into the demands of these adult females who have become pregnant after sterility. Not merely could the fond regard between her spouse and female parent be debatable but as these documents suggest the fond regard between her and the neonate may be the most affected because of her sterility the effects it has on her emotionally, psychologically and biologically. Making farther degrees of anxiousness and bring forthing negative behavior. Social workers measuring and working with Jan who have been involved in IVF or have experienced it themselves may be excessively embroiled in the state of affairs as the societal workers may accidentally direct Jan into doing determinations. It would be more antiphonal as a societal worker to understand this and travel off from this instance. The Spoilt individuality theory is an of import sociological theory to see when understanding Jan s behavior. Goffman s ( 1990 ) spoilt individuality theory or societal stigma explores behaviors and how certain behavior or properties can be socially black. The Collins dictionary describes stigma as separating grade or societal shame. Goffman ( 1990 ) refers to stigma as an property that is discrediting. This theory is important to this instance as Jan has had to cover with a figure of life events particularly one that is socially discrediting. Stigma theory predicts that childless adult females deviate from ordinary and normal life classs and are profoundly discredited by society. Jan had outlooks before she got married that she would hold kids by birth and became progressively obsessed with holding a kid because of the sum of IVF intervention she used. A recent paper by Whiteford and Gonzalez ( 1995 ) posed the inquiry Why make some adult females become consumed to give birth to a kid, even to the hurt of their ain wellness, matrimony and fiscal position? They found that society was the chief cause that pressures adult females into holding kids. That the adult females used within their research suffered because they had internalised the norms within society and because of this described their egos as faulty. Equally good as society it is besides the mediatisation of intercession that has besides affected adult females infertile. Media is invariably foregrounding how many sterile adult females are now with kid because of medical intercessions what this does psychologically to the adult females still non able to go pregnant is even harder to grok. When sterility does impact you the person is so non populating one s life via the societal norms . It affects adult females otherwise compared to other stigmas as sterility stigma is non a physical one like a hitch. Looking at a adult female who is infertile would non state you that she is, it s their ain cognition that has such a profound consequence on their psychological well-being. It can make emphasis and crisis to both the person and household, impacting them financially, emotionally and physically. Jan and her hubby have both been affected through this injury and it may profit both of them if they have reding together, even though they have now become pregnant and had a kid it is still impacting their relationship. The hubby has to work long hours to be able to afford life costs because of the cost of intervention for the IVF. Post natal depression may besides be impacting Jan. Since she has had her babe she has become emotional and found maternity a battle feeling useless and low. Biologically talking station natal depression is a signifier of depression. Depression normally develops within three or four hebdomads after childbearing it has the same symptoms is depressive upset these include increased sleeping, lassitude and affected appetite. New female parents would besides be dying about the babe and hold ideas about her failure as a female parent which Jan has showed marks of. Jan has faced a figure of life events which may increase the hazard of station natal depression. Fortunately there are a batch of different types of diagnosing for station natal depression. The Edinburgh station natal depression graduated table and the Hamilton evaluation graduated table for depression which uses a point system to measure their degree of depression. There is a broad scope of interventions for station natal depression the type the patient demands would be dependent upon the badness of their depression. Firstly support and advice is offered to give the household an apprehension of how they can retrieve. Independent advice is given sing any societal jobs that may be impacting their relationships. Antidepressants may be prescribed, these would so let the organic structure to work more usually. Although there are several types of side effects which may do farther jobs. Reding and psychological interventions may be the best signifier of intervention as they look at the single entirely and what within their lives could be impacting their depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps indentify idea forms which could do the patient more down. It achieves alterations in the manner people think. Interpersonal therapy may besides be utile to see in this instance as this therapy identifies jobs within relationships and relates it to the person s depression. There will ever be positives and negatives of utilizing these different interventions station natal adult females may happen it difficult to perpetrate to psychological therapy because of the clip committednesss and may happen it easier to merely utilize prescribed medicine. The chief unfavorable judgment with this intervention is that it does nt look at the patient s jobs holistically if there are jobs within the relationships confronting them now and happening solutions instead than seting them off w ould be more good in the long tally. Harmonizing to research by Dennis ( 2005 ) the most promising intercession is intensive professional station natal support. Whilst working with Jan and her household it s indispensable that the societal workers give purposeful look of feeling, giving them the opportunity to state what they want from the societal workers and what they truly need and experience about everything that s impacting their relationships and what they want their ends to be. Sing each type of theory for this instance survey so set uping how they all correlate to one another is the best manner to understand how to happen solutions for these persons. Understanding biological, sociological and psychological theories and human growing and development dramas an indispensable portion in measuring and step ining in a positive manner. The International Federation of Social Workers guideline provinces that The societal work profession draws upon theories of human development and behavior and societal systems to analyze complex state of affairss and to ease single, organizational, societal and cultural alterations. ( 2000 ) Sing each type of theory gives a broader apprehension of single s experiences and how societal workers can happen solutions when they are needed. Social workers need a wide cognition base of professional experiences, grounds based research and service users experiences to derive the best apprehension of that state of affairs.

Smart Database Design to Avoid Fault Data Research Paper

Smart Database Design to Avoid Fault Data - Research Paper Example This paper reveales the diverse ways of entering data into databases along with reasons of entered and stored poor quality data in databases and its impacts on the organizations. One of the reasons is improper database design, therefore in order to avoid poor quality data in databases, features of good database design along with guidelines for developing a smart database to avoid faulty data have been provided in this paper. Keywords: database design, data quality, avoiding faulty information, Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO), database normalization, smart database design. Introduction Today, each and every decision from solving particular problem to deciding future of an organization is based on availability, accuracy and quality of information. â€Å"Information is an organizational asset, and, according to its value and scope, must be organized, inventoried, secured, and made readily available in a usable format for daily operations and analysis by individuals, groups, and processes, both today and in the future† (Neilson, 2007). The organizational information is neither just bits, bytes saved in a server nor limited to client data, the hardware and the software that store it. A data or information to which an organization deals with is a process of gathering, normalizing and sharing that information to all its stakeholders. It might be difficult to manage this imperative huge information manually. This is the reason that databases are formulated and high in demand. A database facilitates to store, handle and utilize implausible diverse organization’s information easily. A database can be defined as â€Å"collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated† (Rouse, 2006). Developing a database is neither a complicated process nor complex for using and manipulating information stored in it. A database smoothes the progress of maintaining order in what could be an extremely chaotic informative environment. In databases, a collection of information is stored individually and its management entails preliminary indexing of existing data by categorizing the isolated saved information based on common factors (identity). It can be done through assigning values which signify appropriate condition (i.e. national identities, names, cell numbers, etc.). Undoubtedly, if the data gathering and storing process are malfunctioned, the established data will be incorrect as well; this process is known to be as Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO). Quality and accuracy of data are too critical and fundamental for a database developed/maintained by any organization, either the database is developed for achieving a small goal with limited scope or it is a multi-billion dollar information system. It can be said that the value of data is directly proportional to the quality of data. It is one of many reasons that an inadequately designed database may present incorrect information that may be complicated to utilize, or may even stop working accurately. Why Poor data Quality? As there are a number of ways to enter data in databases that include initial data conversion (data conversion from some previously existing data source), consolidating existing database with new database, manual data entry, batch feeds and real-time data entry interfaces, therefore, there are a plenty of diverse root causes currently subsist for storage of inaccurate and poor data quality in databases. Some of them are because of inappropriate database design whereas the others are due to external outage factors. The basis of these errors is a lot more than just stumble-fingered typographer (typo error). Some of the reasons of poor quality data except database design include receiving

Why did the global financial system meltdown in 2008 Essay

Why did the global financial system meltdown in 2008 - Essay Example The increase in the number of bad loans led to devaluation of company assets and the benchmark indices plunged as a result of the erosion of investor confidence. This effect spread across other economies of the world. The national production levels, imports and exports lowered which gave rise to reduction of consumption demand. The fall of consumption in the economy again pulled down the productivity levels thereby forming a vicious circle which prompted appropriate actions from policymakers for economic recovery. Overview and key rational concepts:Â  global financial system meltdown and relevant issues of world economy The global financial meltdown that occurred in 2008 had its root in the economic crisis in US. The economic crisis in US started with the crisis in the housing markets of US. The prices of the housing market were steadily increasing during the middle period of the 1980s to 1990s. The investments in the housing market were lucrative as the investors in real estate and housing properties could realize multiple values of their initial investments within a short period of time. The investment funds were borrowed from the banks and financial institutions. The banks and the financial institutions also observed that their loans could earn them interest repayments in short time and the underlying mortgage properties were also of high value in the market. In the plight of higher growth in short span of time, the financial institutions lacked due diligence while assessing the credit parameters of the borrowers. The policies of the US government also influenced such activities in the market as every citizen of US had a fundamental right of holding housing property. This phenomenon led to the formation of a housing bubble. Due to lack of tighter credit policies, the income level of the borrowers and their past credit history were not fully checked. This caused the housing bubble to burst when the borrowers at one point of time were not able to repay the lo ans. The crisis situation occurred when the weight of bad loans increased beyond proportions (Kates, 2011). The financial institutions and the corporate houses which held the housing properties as underlying mortgages incurred heavy losses as a result of the bad investments. The share prices of the companies including big names like the Lehmann Brothers fell and the shareholders’ wealth was eroded in quick time. This led to a huge crisis in the economy of US that created the financial recession in 2008. The economic crisis in US is also referred to as the subprime crisis. The losses that occurred in the housing market is referred to as subprime because this market had a relatively lesser adherence to credit parameters for lending and included borrowers who could not avail loans from the prime house lending market. The economic crisis slowly and gradually spread to other economies as well and the global financial system was hit by the economic crisis (Allen, 1999). This was th e age of economic reforms by developing countries like China, India which led to its integration with the world trade. The international economy was heavily dependent on the exports and imports of the countries all over the world like US, UK, Canada, countries of the European Union, Middle East, China, India, etc. The economic crisis in US led to the fall of consumption demand and productivity in the economy. As a result of this, the exports and imports of the country hampered which in turn affected the imports and exports of other countries all over the globe. Thus the effect of economic crisis melted down to the economies as well

Land Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Land Law - Coursework Example The Court of Appeal provided that the four essential characteristics of an easement must exist. First there is required to be a dominant and servient tenement in which a benefit (to the dominant tenement) and burden (to the servient tenement) are each defined. Secondly, the easement must be capable of benefiting the dominant tenement. Thirdly, the dominant and servient tenement must own and occupy different pieces of land. Fourthly, the easement must be one that is capable of being created. In other words, the person creating the easement must have the authority to do so and the recipient must have the right to accept it. The easement must be unambiguous and the servient tenement may not be denied excessive rights.2 An evaluation of the facts of the case demonstrate that there are benefits and burdens, in which the dominant tenement acquires a benefit and the servient tenement is not denied too many rights. For example, Margaret permitted Arthur to park his caravan in her garden with the understanding that she could sit a satellite dish on his roof. Since this was placed in the Conveyance of registered title, it is a legal easement. Section 1(2) of the Law of Property Act 1925 essentially provides that a legal easement arises once it is conveyed.3 Likewise the easement permitting James to temporarily store material in Margaret’s garden is also a legal easement since it is conveyed via the conveyance. Moreover, by placing these easements in the conveyance, the requirements contained in Section 52 of the Law of Property Act 1925 which mandate that a legal estate in land may only be created by deed.4 Moreover, as registered land, the easements will not be legal unless they are registered.5 In other words only those easements expressly created in the conveyance of registered land will be binding on the dominant and servient tenements. Therefore the oral agreement that Arthur may hang a sign advertising his business on Margaret’s wall is not binding on Margaret and successive owners. To this end, Barry as a successive owner of Margaret’s property is at liberty to have the sign removed. Wheeldon v Borrows however, indicates that Barry might be bound by the oral easement which creates an equitable right. In this case Thesiger LJ delineates the circumstances in which a right created by an easement that was not express, can be acquired by a successive owner over the land. According to Thesiger LJ, successive owners acquires all of the obvious and continuous easement or any easement that is essential for ensuring that the property is reasonably enjoyed provided that easement was used by the vendor just before the property was sold. However, the second rule expressed by Thesiger LJ in Wheeldon v Burrows suggests that Barry may not be bound by the oral easement. By virtue of the second rule, where the vendor sells adjourning land and fails to give expression to an implied or imperfect easement, he may not claim it at a later date .6 It therefore follows that since Margaret failed to expressly provide for the right to hang a sign on her wall, she was not bound by this easement and as such cannot pass the easement on to successive owners of the land. It would appear that each of the easements that were

Juvenile Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Assignment Example These experimentations usually lead them to engaging in at least one illegal demeanor like drinking or disobeying their parents. Some minors get caught and penalized for their illegal behavior while others remain unpunished. It leaves an impression as to what delinquent behaviors are punishable and forgivable? Sadly, its legal definition does not provide a clear distinction as to who are being caught and freed for engaging in illegal behavior. Response to Question #2: Different states have different age limits that help them determine whether an offender will be subjected to a juvenile court jurisdiction or to the jurisdiction of adult court. On average, once individuals reach the age of 18, they already are considered adults and therefore get tried in an adult court jurisdiction. The main concern here, however, is that it is difficult to quantify the level of maturity and cognitive capability of a person. Indeed, an individual can be 18 years old but it does not mean that he/she alr eady has the mental capacity and maturity of an adult. Another problem with using age as the fundamental determinant of adulthood is that it generalizes the social and psychological development of all youths. It fails to look at the differences of young individuals, specifically differences in their experiences, rate of development, and learning ability. Response to Question #3: The very system of juvenile justice varies in different states hence it is a great challenge to provide a description of it that would apply nationwide. The lack of uniformity in juvenile delinquency law in different states in America makes it difficult to standardized juvenile justice practices in the country. Consider that every state has different age definition of who can be considered juveniles. In addition, each state has its own way of handling or preventing certain juvenile behaviors because of people’s differences in their social, political, and economic circumstances. In some states, for ins tance, shoplifting is already a violation of the law and therefore merits a certain punishment. On the contrary, other states which are more tolerant about their juvenile delinquency law might have a different response to a person who commits the same offense. Moreover, although the law on juvenile delinquency is already in situ, local officers within juvenile justice still have their freedom to choose how to respond on a certain juvenile behavior. Response to Question #4: Since the subject of juvenile delinquency mainly concerns about the youths’ present life and future, the public throughout time fundamentally perceives it as an important social and political problem that needs to be looked closely and addressed. Most people believe that juvenile crime incidences are rapidly increasing and, therefore, need to be taken care of in tougher ways. Although the public’s perception is almost always unsupported, they are able influence juvenile justice in one way or another. Normally, the insights of the public about juvenile crime leads to a certain change in the way local governments respond to delinquency problem. Response to Question #5: Based on the UCR information provided in the text, juvenile

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Essay

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Industry - Essay Example In his article, he considers Michael Porter’s concept and argues that this model, while it may seem when considered from a business manager point of view, seems to work but fails in terms of wider economics because, in real economic structures, other factors such as power play and influent has an effect on the value chain (Henderson, 1999). Oil supply has had a history of the power play as seen in the example of the seven sisters who were a consortium of seven companies based in the Middle East and who dominated the oil industry for over thirty years since the 1940s. Countries have vested interest in oil supply chain as a way to make sure that they can be able to sustain their economies (Bridge & Le, 2013). According to oil and energy experts, over ten calories of oil energy are used for the production of just one calorie of food energy. The energy in form of fertilizers, energy for farm equipment, chemicals packaging for farm pesticides etc also adds up to over ten calories o f energy to produce just one calorie of food. The same oil is also needed to power other areas of the economy, such as transportation and communication equipment. In most countries, the defence department depends on oil for over 70% of its operations. This leads to the concept of energy security. Energy security refers to the security related to the availability, or lack thereof, of oil energy. This brings in a lot of power play in the supply chain. The role of political power in the oil supply chain is much that there is even speculation that the reason why the United States has continually attacked the Middle East is for the purse of getting the oil reserves in this region. The same theory has been applied in the attack and killing of the leader of Libya, Muammar Gadaffi. Whether these conspiracy theories are valid or not, the truth remains that political power play is a major factor in oil supply chains.

Juvenile Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Assignment Example These experimentations usually lead them to engaging in at least one illegal demeanor like drinking or disobeying their parents. Some minors get caught and penalized for their illegal behavior while others remain unpunished. It leaves an impression as to what delinquent behaviors are punishable and forgivable? Sadly, its legal definition does not provide a clear distinction as to who are being caught and freed for engaging in illegal behavior. Response to Question #2: Different states have different age limits that help them determine whether an offender will be subjected to a juvenile court jurisdiction or to the jurisdiction of adult court. On average, once individuals reach the age of 18, they already are considered adults and therefore get tried in an adult court jurisdiction. The main concern here, however, is that it is difficult to quantify the level of maturity and cognitive capability of a person. Indeed, an individual can be 18 years old but it does not mean that he/she alr eady has the mental capacity and maturity of an adult. Another problem with using age as the fundamental determinant of adulthood is that it generalizes the social and psychological development of all youths. It fails to look at the differences of young individuals, specifically differences in their experiences, rate of development, and learning ability. Response to Question #3: The very system of juvenile justice varies in different states hence it is a great challenge to provide a description of it that would apply nationwide. The lack of uniformity in juvenile delinquency law in different states in America makes it difficult to standardized juvenile justice practices in the country. Consider that every state has different age definition of who can be considered juveniles. In addition, each state has its own way of handling or preventing certain juvenile behaviors because of people’s differences in their social, political, and economic circumstances. In some states, for ins tance, shoplifting is already a violation of the law and therefore merits a certain punishment. On the contrary, other states which are more tolerant about their juvenile delinquency law might have a different response to a person who commits the same offense. Moreover, although the law on juvenile delinquency is already in situ, local officers within juvenile justice still have their freedom to choose how to respond on a certain juvenile behavior. Response to Question #4: Since the subject of juvenile delinquency mainly concerns about the youths’ present life and future, the public throughout time fundamentally perceives it as an important social and political problem that needs to be looked closely and addressed. Most people believe that juvenile crime incidences are rapidly increasing and, therefore, need to be taken care of in tougher ways. Although the public’s perception is almost always unsupported, they are able influence juvenile justice in one way or another. Normally, the insights of the public about juvenile crime leads to a certain change in the way local governments respond to delinquency problem. Response to Question #5: Based on the UCR information provided in the text, juvenile

The Large Bathers Formal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Large Bathers Formal Analysis - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Large Bathers is one of the pieces of arts in Philadelphia Museum of Art. Considering the importance and significance that this piece of art had during its time and the ages after, it is essential that a formal analysis of the painting enhance a better understanding. In the Large Bathers formal analysis, there are certain basic aspects that are ideally of substantive significance, which are looked at. These include elements such as the composition, the theme, color, lights, mood, and tone among other elements of art. Having a closer look at the painting, one is able to derive that ideally, the main theme surrounding the painting is that of human figures in a landscape. Amongst all the works of Cezanne, it is the large bathers that the most lasting and profound impact in addressing the theme of human figures in a landscape. The Bathers painting’s composition is done in such a way that there are trees bordering the bathers from either side with th e bathers in their nude bodies, bending inwardly towards each other, in a manner that looks like their attention is drawn to something. In the surrounding, the Bathers and the trees are aligned in such a way that they form a shape of a triangle. In between the Bathers and the onlookers, there is a dark painting, that looks like a lake. At first sight, the picture brings into perspective certain aspects of old tradition considering the manner in which the paintings are done. The paintings are those of nude women, a traditional approach to paintings, an aspect that contradicts the actual reality that the painting was the beginning of the modern art. Considering the period during which the painting was done, the pictures are very beautiful. During the same period, many technologies had not been developed and hence it was beautifully done.

The Themes of Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

The Themes of Heart of Darkness Essay â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Conrad is one of the great novels of English literature. This novel exposes the greed, malice and selfishness of the European men. They exploit the wealth of Africa in the name of civilizing the natives. They take away their ivory and in return gave them hunger, destitution, poverty, degradation and death. The English men of this novel lack morals and conscience. Conrad observed the hypocrisy of his country men and exposed it in a marvelous way in this short piece of art. Feder (1955) is of the view that Heart of Darkness is an allegory that takes into account the souls journey through purgatory and hell to salvation, and that expedition is analogous to the pursuit for the Holy Grail or is equivalent to expedition of Dantes Inferno. (p. 290) Conrad major objective in writing a sea-voyage is best expressed in one of his letter that manifests that his major concern was that the public mind fastens on externals, on mere facts, such for instance as ships and voyages, without paying attention to any deeper significance they might have. (Jean-Aubry, 1927, pp.320-321) The theme of Imperialism: â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† is another expose of imperialism like Conrad’s â€Å"An Outpost of Progress†. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness† Conrad vehemently denunciated imperialism and racialism without damning all men who through the accident of their birth in England were committed to these public policies. According to Eloise Knapp Hay (1963), â€Å" to a man for whom† â€Å"race† meant â€Å"nation† more than â€Å"pigmentation†, and for whom â€Å"nation† was a sacred image, the nineteenth century civilization of racialism as a means of commercial profit through tyranny was history’s most agonizing chapter. In conveying the effect upon his mind, he could only imagine the worst torments of hell invoke Virgil and Dante who had seen as if hell with their own eyes†¦..and add to their testimony what he had seen with his eyes in the Congo. Yet, like Virgil and Dante, Conrad lived in   a historical moment †¦everything that was good in England had been thrown, along with the bad, into the â€Å" competition in the acquisition of territory and the struggle for influence and control†, which, according to William Langer, â€Å"was the most important factor in the international relations of Europe† between 1890 and 1910. It seemed that when Conrad actually began the writing of â€Å"heart of darkness†, he was deeply absorbed in two questions: his loyalty, both as man and as writer, to England, and his acute mistrust of the way the â€Å"civilizing work† was being accomplished by the European powers in south-east Asia and in Africa. In this novel he brings before us the nature of â€Å"western superiority† in primitive lands. Reading this story repeatedly, we know that the dark English coast before him recalls for Marlow the darkness of modern Africa, which is the natural darkness of the jungle but more than that the darkness of moral vacancy, leading to the atrocities he has beheld in Africa. This moral darkness of Africa, we learn later, is not the darkness of the ignorance of the natives, but of the Whiteman who blinded themselves and corrupted the natives by their claim to be light-bearers. Talking of the roman conquest of England, Conrad says, it was â€Å"just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a grand scale, and men going at it blind-as is very proper for those who tackle darkness†. What Romans had done in England, the English did in South Africa. Marlow admits that English conquests, like all others, â€Å"means the taking away it from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves,† though Kurtz went to the African jungle with an idea to civilize the natives; he saw his mission in Africa as that of torch bearer for white civilization. But very soon he starts extracting from the natives human sacrifices to himself as god. Finally, his hatred for the natives plunged to the depth out of which came his prescription of the only method for dealing with primitive people: â€Å"Exterminate the brutes!† Marlow will establish in his more lucid moments that what is black in Africa is what has a right to be there. If whiteness finally emerges as moral vacuity, blackness finally appears as reality, humanity and truth. The matter is more complex still, for along with the physical blackness of men and the metaphoric blackness of unchartered regions of the earth; the darkness Conrad has been suggesting all along is the forced expulsion of whatever is displaced by â€Å"light,† whatever is displaced by civilization-the expulsion of Africa’s native virtues by Europe’s self-righteousness. The European Whiteman in Africa is parasites; they are hollow; they have no personal moral vision of their inhumanity and folly. They are also collapsible, because their society’s institutions are incapable to hold them up. Ivory has become the idol of the foolish run of European pilgrims; and Kurtz is no exception.† all Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz.† Criminality of inefficiency and pure selfishness: Walter Allen (1955) believes that, â€Å"The Heart of Darkness of the title is at once the heart of Africa, the heart of evil- everything that is nihilistic corrupt and malign – and perhaps the heart of man†. (p. 122) According to Conrad (1958) himself, the story of â€Å"heart of darkness† is about the â€Å"criminality of inefficiency and pure selfishness when tackling the civilizing working Africa†. (p. 37) In the story Marlow makes much of the inefficiency and selfishness he sees everywhere along his journey in Africa. But it is the criminality of the civilizing work itself that receives the heaviest emphasis in the novel as a whole. J.W.Beach (1932) believes that Kurtz is the representative and dramatization of all that Conrad felt of futility and horror in what the Europeans in the Congo called â€Å"progress†, which meant the exploitation of the natives by the white men. Kurtz was to Marlow, penetrating this country, a name, constantly recurring in people’s talk, for cleverness and enterprise. But there were slight intimations, growing stronger as Marlow drew near to the heart of darkness, of traits and practices so abhorrent to all our notions of decency, honor and humanity that the enterprising trader gradually takes on the proportion of a ghastly and almost supernatural monster symbol for Marlow of the general spirit of this European undertaking. On his journey up the Congo, Marlow comes across the forsaken railway truck, looking as dead as the carcass of some animal; the brick maker idling for a year with no bricks and no hope of materials for making them; the â€Å"wanton   smashup† of drainage pipes abandoned in a ravine ; burst, piled up cases of rivets at the outer station and no way of getting them to the damaged steam boat at the Central Station; the vast artificial hole somebody had been digging on the slope- all these and many more are the examples of the criminality of the inefficiency. Wilson Follet believed that in this novel, â€Å"the European is shown drained, diseased, a prey to madness and unutterable horror and death†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚     This proves that the white men over there, except the company’s accountant, are inefficient and selfish. They themselves do nothing, whereas on the other hand they exploit the natives to the maximum, they extract the maximum workout of them and pay them three nine –inch long brass-wire pieces a week, which are insufficient to buy them anything. As such most of the natives are starving and dying. This novel is a very faithful accord of the cruelties and atrocities perpetrated on the natives of Africa by their European masters. The Historical theme: In Elizabethan times the Drakes and Franklins sailed from the light of England into the darkness of unknown seas, returning with the â€Å"round flanks† of their ships bulging with treasure. Nineteen centuries ago the incoming tide brought the Romans from the light of Rome into the darkness of England: the roman conquest of England was an aggravated murder on a large scale. Modern imperialism-represented by Conrad in â€Å"heart of darkness†- is not different from the ancient; the civilized white men of Europe have entered the blackness of Africa, and have united the natives. The white men come as imperialist traders but in reality for the sake of ivory they loot and plunder. For the sake of ivory the whites robed the natives of their very identity and existence. Their lives and their culture were destroyed to the maximum extent possible by the so called civilized men of the world who declared their task as â€Å"white man’s burden†. Works Cited Allen, Walter. 1955. The English novel; a short critical history. New York: Dutton. Beach, J. W. 1932. The Twentieth Century Novel; A study in Technique. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Century Co. Conrad, Joseph. 1958. Letters to William Blackwood; ed. W. Blackburn. Durham N.C.;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Duke University Press. Feder. 1955. Marlows Descent into Hell. 19 Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 289-292 Hay, E. K. 1963. â€Å"The Political Novels of Joseph Conrad†. Chicago: University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chicago Press. Jean-Aubry, G. 1927. Joseph Conrad: Life and Letters; Letter to Richard Curle, July 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1923.

Instant Noodle Consumption Behaviour

Instant Noodle Consumption Behaviour During the economic recession, consumers have to spend more economically and change their consumption behavior. Food which people around the world initially thinks of and enables people to save more is instant noodles which are very cheap and have diversified brands and flavors. Therefore, the instant noodle market can make a lot of money when compared with other consumption goods because consumers like to buy and store the instant noodles during the economic recession period. Almost every family in Thailand always store and eats the instant noodles as a meal or emergency food. When people are hungry at night and they want to save money, the instant noodles are their first choice. The study of Nano Search Co., Ltd showed that, at present, consumers buy and eat the instant noodles with which they have been familiar or a long time. Thai people in all ages know the instant noodles in diversified brands and original and new flavors which meet consumers need. Most students at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) have domiciles in various provinces while some students houses are from the university. Therefore, they have to live in the dormitories outside and inside the university. As most students have no incomes, they have to save their expenditure on consumption. Therefore, the instant noodles are their first choice because there are several brands and original and new flavors of the instant noodles which meet consumers need. Therefore, the idea to learn about what events or factors affecting the consumption of instant noodles students. 2. Statement of the research The report is interested in purchasing behavior of the students at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi. The research is conducted within RMUTT and data collection will be gathered from RMUTT student. 3. Research Objectives Objective of this research are listed as below; 1. To study the reason for the purchase of instant noodles students. 2. To study the advertising is to attract the consumption of instant noodles students. 3. To study the satisfaction of the students in the appropriate price and quality. 4. To study the satisfaction and popularity of the student with flavor of instant noodles. 4. Scope of the Research We will study about instant noodles consumption behavior of Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Students by making selected representative sample of 100 people resided in dormitories of internal and external university to take Questionnaires on various topics related to the purchase of instant noodles such as the reason for the purchase, advertising of instant noodle, appropriate price and quality and flavor of student satisfaction.. We will collect data to analyze the behavior of students instant noodle consumption. 5. Limitations of the Research Problem of data errors may have findings that do not match reality because the university has students many which representative samples are less than 10% of all students. Researcher still has limitations in terms of research and duration of storage could not increase the number of representative samples. 6. Significance of the Study Significance of the Study about instant noodles consumption behavior of Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Students. To know what the factors affecting consumption of students and students have any opinion about the instant noodles today. To manufacturers and distributors preliminary results of this study can be used as guidelines for improvement of instant noodles better and for this research will enable students consume Instant noodles even more desirable. Provided the problem and make suggestions, manufacturer and distributor of lead analysis and action. 7. Definition of Terms 1. Instant noodles means : Product line consisting of noodles or cooked and partially cooked. Garniture different flavor. Oil and seasoning in the appropriate ratio. Packed in small envelopes. Total containers and packaging in the same Cook without eating more than five minutes. 2. Economic recession means : Lower economic growth sluggish start trading conditions. Sellers are less Operators to reduce production losses due. Consequences are the termination of employment. 3. Changing consumer behavior means : That the expression of individuals directly related to the use of products and economic waiter. Process, including decisions affecting expression. Chapter 2 Review or related literature and studies 2.1Definition and Features of the Independent Variables Instant noodle is very famous in Thailand. It has variety of brand and target to many age ranges. Many children love to eat instant noodle especially not when they are not boiled. They eat it as snacks. Instant noodles sold in ready-to-prepare packages area popular industrially processed food in Thailand. Six million packages are produced each day, 80% of which are made by only three companies. Most are consumed domestically, although they are also exported. In 1993instant noodle consumption in Thailand was 30 packs per capita [Anonymous. Reaching the masses. Asia Pacific Food Industry 1996;8:38-45.]. Over 90% of these instant noodles are of the deep-fried type, which are sometimes classified by academics as junk food due to their high salt, fat, and carbohydrate content and low-quality protein. Therefore, the label on the package suggests adding meat or egg and vegetables, which is the traditional mode of eating noodles in Thailand. However, because of inconvenience, this suggestion is seldom practiced by consumers. Both males and females aged 15 to 49 years from all socio-economic strata in Thailand consume instant noodles. The consumption of the products according to the countrys regions and zones is shown in table 1. Forty-one percent of the products are consumed in Bangkok, at the same percentages as in up-country rural areas. TABLE 1. Regional and zonal percent distributions of instant noodles Location Percentage Regions Bangkok 41 Central 17 North 18 North-East 18 South 7 Zones Bangkok 41 Rest of country Urban 18 Rural 41 Source: Thai President Foods Public Company Limited, Bangkok,Thailand, 1996. There are many brands present i.e. MAMA, WAI WAI, YUM YUM, and etc. The instant noodle war is very competitive. As the data on 21st June, 2010, the leader brand is MAMA of Thai President Food. It has market share 53 percent or around 5,000 Million Baht. Meanwhile WAI WAI- the market follower of Thai Preserved Food Factory takes only 25 percent [www.banmuang.co.th]. For MAMA cup, it has been grown by 50% when compare with the sales at the same period last year. That is the highest sales volume during last 20 years. The growth in market value leaped in significant level in last 6 years, as seen in below table. Year Market Value (Million Baht) Percentage 2005 9,500 2006 10,000 5.26% 2007 11,500 15.00% 2008 12,000 4.35% 2009 10,000 -16.67% 2010 10,300 3.00% 2.2 Theories Related to the Independent Variable(s) Health awareness Health becomes a hot issue for todays talk. There are many reports and news that related to health care. People are concern to health more than past. As we can see from the product which has sold in the market, they are presented as organic product, non-chemical products and many things those were labeled as chemical-free. There are some supermarkets that has organic corner. Moreover a corner in the supermarket, there are supermarkets those sell only organic food- Whole Food grocery shop. Whole food has dedicate all the store are to organic because there are many customer that want to use organic product as we can see from the sales revenue. The revenue of Whole food has climbed up every year. It has increased by 70% in past 4 year (Fiscal Year 2005 2009, source www.wholefood.com). It means there are many people interested in health more and more. Furthermore this trend is still increasing. Purchasing behavior of consumers. The aim of this research is to found out what the marketing mix variables that have significant influence toward instant noodle buying decision and also to found out the marketing mix variables that have dominant influence toward instant noodle buying decision based on the problem formulation, research background and suggested theoretical fundamental, hypothesis are formulated: it is estimate that the marketing mix variables consist of product, price, promotion and distribution have the significant influence toward instant noodle buying decision and it is estimate that promotion And it is a factor in decision making of RMUTT student. The Appropriate prices of Instant noodles. The study found that instant noodles are a low cost of production is sold on the cheap, but in terms of food quality noodles are semi-successful low nutritional value, if too many consumers will negatively impact the body. Student RMUTT take into account the price and quality rather than quantity of food. The nutritional value is not enough. The instant noodle market is growing fast in RMUTT, and is gaining popularity in the market. Wheat flour which is usually used to make instant noodles is not only low in fiber and protein contents but also poor in essential amino acid lysine 2.3 Critical Analysis/Discussion of the Theories Related to the Dependent Variables While my group is studying with protein, fiber and low in the instant noodle. People who had previously studying is Prof. Dr. Siri loyal Poe Secretariat of the Food and Drug Administration. Disclosed that according to the news media. From newspapers to explore the sodium condiments, instant noodles, Journal of intelligent shopping Foundation. To find that consumers have high sodium content of 50-100% of your body needs each day.Thai consumers need to carefully the Office of the Food and Drug Administration. As a regulatory agency that controls the safety of food products. Including semi-finished food products sold into the market. Ask for clarification. Consumers knowledge of food semi. The only instant noodle. Thai people of all ages consuming instant noodles that the organized food quality or standards. The safety requirements, such as microbes that may not cause disease of toxic substances. And the nutritional requirements. Protein must be at least 8.5 percent by weight. In additi on to the elements in the noodle flour oil / fat and seasonings. With sodium salts. MSG is also the case with Do. Has determined that sodium Thais aged six and over should receive not exceed 2,400 milligrams per day. This is consistent with the values that the United States. 2.4 Discussion of the Dependent Variables Health awareness Food safety is an important issue that has shown a thoughtful effect on the consumers behavior in the food industry. Also the growing awareness about health wellness play an important role in influencing the consumers demand for healthy food products. People are concern to health more and more every day. Junk food is suggested not to take too much especially taking balance dietary. Also many organizations promote health awareness to the public. Regular breakfast eating, physical activity and regular sleep patterns were associated with good Quality of life among early adolescents [Chen, 2005]. Unhealthy sleep habits are increasing and related to several other behavioral and emotional problems among children [Lui et al, 2002]. Purchasing behavior of consumers First Noodle flour makers in East and Southeast Asia tend to favor white wheats for making certain oriental noodles, a large and growing consumer item in the region. U.S. soft white wheat has good characteristics for making some of these noodles. However, some types of oriental noodles require a hard white wheat, of which the U.S. produces little. Australia is the favored supplier of hard white wheats for such noodles. Now, hard white wheat varieties are being developed for U.S. farmers that would be competitive with Australian varieties for this noodle market [Huo, Guotran, Miskelly, D.M, Park, W.J., D.R. Shelton, C.J. Peterson, T.J. Martin, S.D. Kachman, and R.L. Wehling,1998]. Next to the Malaysian government recently introduced a ban on fast food advertisements targeting children on television. This study reports on data covering 6 months of television food advertising targeting children. Six out of seven of the Nations commercial television networks participated[Asia Pac J Clin Nutr ,2008] while This paper is an attempt to use Korean ramyeon to examine some of the major issues in the study of food and culture. In Japan, as in Korea, ramen and ramyeon not only came to find loyal consumers and occupy significant places in the food culture of both countries, but also began to cross national boundaries to find fans and markets in China and other countries. The Chinese noodle has come home, after a hundred-year-long voyage to and from Japan via Korea. Korean ramyeon is a class confuser that, instead of delineating and reinforcing class distinctions, seems to confuse and modify them. I propose to introduce the concept of ramyeo nization. This process is found in the increase of new forms of instant food sold in plastic packages, and also involves the dominance of hot and spicy taste in Korean cuisine [Beadsworth, Alan, and Teresa Keil ,1997]Moreover strategies for customer-oriented product development are an essential strategy for remaining competitive in a highly competitive business environment with changing markets. This research used instant rice noodles as a representative food product in a highly competitive market. The two main objectives were to analyze attitude and value awareness on target customers of instant rice noodle and to evaluate the potential of using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in the product development process. The most important of product technical specifications found from QFD were packaging material, noodle rehydration time, and package form [Kasetsart J.,2006] in addition foods stuffs requiring extensive preparation are being replaced by convenience products that require li ttle time, energy, or preparation Food companies constantly invest in research and development of new convenience foods to make daily life easier for consumers. The objective of this study is to determine whether the demand for convenience foods is growing around the globe [Buckley, M., C. Cowan, and M. McCarthy., 2007] likewise apart from paying attention to product quality and usability, consumers enjoy the package design of the product when purchasing commodities. Other relevant research has pointed out that using an illustration in the package design can draw more attention to the product. Based on the results of that previous research, this research finds that having illustrations in the package design is one of the factors which influence buying emotion [Ahtola, O. T., Batra, R. and Atayman, D. M., Donovan, R. J. and Rossiter, J. R.,2007] next The Analysis of Marketing mix variabels Influence toward Instant Noodle Buying Decision of Mie Sedaap Brand (Study on Students in 3rd C ampus of Muhammadiyah Malang University)? The aim of this research is to found out what the marketing mix variables that have significant influence toward instant noodle buying decision of Mie Sedaap brand and also to found out the marketing mix variables that have dominant influence toward instant noodle buying decision of Mie Sedaap brand. and it is estimate that promotion it is estimate that the marketing mix variables consist of product, price, promotion and distribution have the significant influence toward instant noodle buying decision of Mie Sedaap brand. While the variable that have dominant influence toward instant noodle buying decision of Mie Sedaap brand is product variable[Bauran pemasaran, Mie Sedaap] in addition with sustained income growth and fast urbanization, Indonesia will see a major shift in the growth of grain consumption from rice to wheat products. New demand estimates from consumption survey data give a relatively high income elasticity of demand for wheat -based products with dependable supply; product quality assurance, and credit availability, North American suppliers may still remain in this market[Jacinto F. Fabiosa,2006] next confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used for examining micro structural differences resulted from different steaming time in modern instant noodles production. Thus, fundamental understanding of microscopic spatial arrangement between starch and protein affected by steaming time in instant noodles processing could be achieved via CLSM[Lynn, A. and M.P. Cochrane.,1997] finally noodles are widely consumed throughout the world and their global consumption is second only to bread. The instant noodle market is growing fast in Asian countries, and is gaining popularity in the Western market. Wheat flour which is usually used to make instant noodles is not only low in fibre and protein contents but also poor in essential amino acid lysine. Australian sweet lupin, a low cost grain legume, is becoming popu lar in various food applications as it is rich in fibre and protein[Anonymous. ,2008] Appropriate price of Instant noodles First, the noodles manufacturing is facing fierce competition domestically because of rapid development of alternative food. The instant noodle market is reaching maturity status, slowing growth. That is to say, operators have to develop new products to spur buying sentiment. To avoid competition, operators should build a sound brand image and reinforce marketing strategies and brands to increase sales. A large degree of overlap in noodle products should exhort firms to improve their abilities to control costs in order to ensure profits.Moreover, operators should also rely on joint purchases to deal with soaring prices of raw materials. First-tier firms may rely on parent companies resources, while small and medium enterprises on joint-purchases to lower costs [F.Z.AHMADI_ESFAHANI R>G>STANMORE,2006]. Next the cost of a 55-g package of instant noodles is only 3.50 to 4.00 baht (US$0.14-0.16), whereas one serving of Thai fast food costs at least 10-15 baht (US$ 0.50-0.60). This price increased in October 1996 after remaining at about 3.00 baht (US$0.12) for almost 16 years. The price was previously fixed because of high market competition. Instant noodles are a low-profit-margin product, but they can be distributed to consumers all over the country. In addition to its low price[Food and Nutrition Bulletin,1998]. While The attitude distribution survey found that the target customers of instant rice noodle product had attitude types mainly belongs to Reformer and Mainstreamer class. These types of attitude classes had a significant correlation to the product characteristics of sensory quality, added nutrition, convenience and price. Such information could be used for product communication[Jacinto F. Fabiosa,2006]. In addition although protein-energy malnutrition in Thailand has lessened in severity over the past 10 years, deficiencies of certain micronutrients, such as iodine, irons, and vitamin A, are still significant. Among the many control and prevention strat egies that have been implemented, fortification of industrially processed foods is now emerging as potentially important, since a growing reliance on such foods by the Thai people has arisen due to the countrys rapidly expanding industrialized and cash-based market economy. One such food is the instant noodle, which is acceptable, available, and affordable in Thailand[Becker, Jasper. Evasive Citizens Throw Wrench in Census Results [South China Morning Post, March29, 2001]. Moreover in Thailand The cost of a 55-g package is about 5 baht, whereas one serving of Thai fast food costs at least 10 15 baht. Instant noodles are therefore an affordable dish for people of all socioeconomic levels[Kasetsart J.,2006]. And In the United States, the cost of a volumetric feeder varies widely between US$ 5,000 and 7,000, while that of a ribbon or paddle Blender/mixer varies between US$ 9,000 and 15,000. This equipment, however, may be available locally at lower prices[Naohito Abe and Akiyuki Tonog i,2008]. Next to Instant food become more and more necessity in fast pace ages. Instant noodle and rice etc. are featured as the merits of low price and convenience but the demerits of high-calorie and nutrition shortage. In China, the major consumers of instant noodle can be divided into two categories: one is travelers and the other is single youths, such as university students and so on. In China, the price of instant noodle packed with bag is below two Yuan (0.29 USD) and the price of instant noodle packed with bowl is less than four Yuan (0.58 USD). However, the average price of a buffet is more than eight Yuan (1.14 USD) in the big cities in China. In 2008, the sales volumes of Chinese instant noodle, rice and vermicelli were over 5.5 million tons valued at least 6 billion USD,in which instant noodle accounted for about 95% market share of sales volumes and 90% market share of sales revenues[Chiu Shi-fang,2007]. However The prices of instant noodles have scale up with the incr ease in the prices of basic material including the main basic material wheat flour. Now the prices of instant noodle have risen to more than Rp1, 000 per 60-68 gram pack[Akkermans, H. ,1995]. As The latent demand for instant noodles in India is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a market[James Buchanan, Rent-seeking and profit-seeking, in James M. Buchanan, Robert D. Tollison, and Gordon Tullock ,1980] . Finally, the domestic players hold the advantages of lower cost of production and distribution, competitive retail prices, local knowled ge and network, but they are relatively weak in taste, variety, advertising and packaging[Terrence H. Witkowski, 2007] The nutritional value is not enough The first improvement of instant fried noodles with oat bran. Oat bran is rich in Æ’Â ¢-glucan, a soluble fiber in oat by dry milling and cooking extrusion to improve the nutritional quality of wheat noodle and to evaluate the noodle quality. OBC native were used to replace wheat flour in noodle production[Reungmaneepaitoon, S., Sikkhamondhol, C. and Tiangpook, C.,2006]. Next instant noodles are becoming popular in North America due to some recognized factors such as ready-to-eat convenience, acceptable taste and preferred texture. These factors are created by the interactions of certain ingredients including water, starch, gum and others [LI JUAN YU,2003]. And Korean traditional foods have not been given enough attention for a long time, but recent domestic consumption has gradually increased in view of peoples recognition and consciousness of such products as health foods. The food culture of Korea has also caught the interest of other countries through the export of traditiona l food. Traditional food has been developed on the basis of unique techniques from each country, and efforts to export them are now expanding. Hence, it is now considered a competitive product, what with its unique materials and production techniques. In order for traditional foods to meet the international standard, it is necessary to develop new policies and strategies, such as the development of traditional foods for foreign consumption, fusion foods, adaptation and brand marketing, and scientific and safety guarantees. The need for international standardization of traditional food and improvement of packaging and design must also be addressed[Jeanette Hunter,1996] Also MSG has been used as a food additive ever since it was first isolated early in the 20th century in Japan. It enhances food flavor. Many claim harmful effects due to it [David Tin Win,2008]. Moreover Flours processed from eight cassava roots were selected from recently developed Cassava Mosaic Disease resistant var ieties. They were processed into noodles[Nwabueze, U. Titus* and Anoruoh, A. Glory,2009]. And the instant noodle market is growing fast in Asian countries, and is gaining popularity in the Western market. Wheat flour which is usually used to make instant noodles is not only low in fibre and protein contents but also poor in essential amino acid lysine[Vijay Jayasena, Peggy Leung and Syed M. Nasar-Abbas,2008]. After the changes in noodle texture occurring after changes in amylases and protein composition. This combined approach may prove to be useful in resolving differences and similarities in noodle texture wrought by changes in the constituent polymers of wheat flourHWANG,E-Nam,2007]. Then the healthy lifestyle and appropriate nutrition are stressed nowadays. New foodstuffs are still investigated with the aim to improve the diet and conduce to a better health state of the population. Their high nutritious and dietary quality meets the demands of the food industry and consumers. Ou r collective dealt with quinoa, a commodity of Andean, because quinoa is a good source of essential amino acids such as lysine and methodize. Quinoa contains relatively high quantities of vitamins (thiamin, vitamin C) and minerals[Gary Vocke,1998]. As well the remarkable economic changes occurring within the Peoples Republic of China since 1978 have resulted in striking alteration in food consumption patterns for urban Chinese residents. Higher incomes, busier life styles, greater choices in food retailers, the increasing availability of refrigeration, and the greater variety in food choice have all resulted in shifts of household consumption[Dong-Hwa Shin,2003]. Finally large-scale supermarkets have rapidly expanded in Japan over the past two decades, partly because of zoning deregulations for large-scale merchants. The analysis reveals that stores in the treatment group lowered their prices of curry paste, bottled tea, instant noodles, and toothpaste by 0.5 to 4.7 percent more tha n stores in a control group in response to a large-scale supermarket opening. The price response is larger in stores with similar floor size as new entrants[Cho, J.S. Kimchi.,1998] 2.5 Relationship of the independent variable to the Dependent variable. Research indicate that consumers will step behavior of instant noodles are consumed. When student demand to eat instant noodles Student will demand to buy noodles semi Finished form and the purchasing behavior Student to compare the suitability of the price And some student will consider the nutritional value And these factors will result in Instant noodle consumption Behavior of RMUTT Students 2.6 Previous Studies Nano Search company, study about the behavior of instant noodles were consumed. The sample is 48.0 percent male and 52.0 percent female, age range can be classified into 3 age range is 18-25 years old accounted for 63.0 percent age 26-35 years accounted for 34.5 percent and over 35. in percentage 2.5 respectively of the sample income not exceeding 10,000 baht per cent 36.0 Income 10,001 15,000 baht per cent 28.5 and more than 15,000 percent 35.5 for education degree Most degree 93.0 percent respectively, followed. Education Secondary School. / Secondary and Vocational / associate professionals, respectively, private companies and 64.0 per cent to group students accounted for 17.5 percent. The study of the behavior of consumers of instant noodles that In the reasons for eating instant noodles found a reason to eat it. I think eating 22.8 percent respectively, followed by hungry and 16.3 percent, to save money and 15.6 percent from the behavior of buying instant noodles with various size That the inquiry found. Consumers have to buy popular instant noodle. Pack a small 46.0 percent and buy a big bag. 24.0 percent and buy a pack (envelope) of 24.0 per cent share at the same place to buy instant noodles at a regular place to buy it. Revealed that location was purchased by the majority. Convenience Stores (convenience store), such as 7-11 as 54.0 percent respectively, followed. Department store retail / wholesale (District Councils Department Store) as Lotus, Big C, , etc. representing 14.5 percent of the retail and online stores. Percentage 13.5, respectively, for the cost of buying instant noodles per month, it was found that the cost to purchase per month, approximately up to 50 per month, per cent 46.0 and more than 100 Baht percent per month. And from 31.0 to inquire about purchasing behavior of consumers of instant noodles that With the behavior. Buy the original brand new taste, but each time a purchase. Percent. 53.0 respectively, followed. The behavior of purchasing brand new But taste is taste the same. Percent. 20.0 and for the nee d to have instant noodles at home always on them. Consumers see that Necessary to have instant noodles on the house always 68.0 percent and 32.0 percent, only to see that not only have to have instant noodles in the house on the important factors in decisions to buy instant noodles, it was found that the main factor. The good taste / smell / taste 24.9 percent respectively, followed. The advertising media. 10.3 per cent and can be purchased easily Available online.6.9 percent and the appropriate subject of inquiry in terms of quality and price to buy instant noodle. Found that most consumers agree on the appropriate price and quality of the noodle-half years at Sam Century Direct sales in general and the reason for that. Affordable quality that consumers price was good / not expensive and 58.1 percent full power good 12.9 percent. Chapter 3 Research Frameworks Conceptual Framework Student concerned in their health. Instant noodle consumption Behavior of RMUTT Students Purchasing behavior of consumers. Appropriate price of Instant noodles. The nutritional value is not enough. Research Hypothesis Ho1- There is no relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward health care. Ha1- There is relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward health care. Ho2- There is no relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward the purchasing behavior of consumers. Ha2- There is relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward the purchasing behavior of consumers. Ho3- There is no relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward the appropriate price and quality of Instant noodles.. Ha3- There is relationship between Instant noodle consumption behaviors of RMUTT Students toward the appropriate price and quality of Instant noodles. Ho4- There is no relationship between Instant noodle